This situation is being experienced by Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States. The drastic effect of socioeconomic changes on the relationship between urbanization and agricultural land means that urban land expansion creates pressures on both national food security and Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) to achieve zero hunger, a target that will be challenging to achieve by 2030. On a global scale, it is predicted that urbanization will continue to degrade critical ecosystems far into the future, posing challenges for government, policymakers, and urban planners in reallocating resources. These findings are intended to provide stakeholders with enrichment in terms of available literature and with valuable inputs useful for identifying better urban and regional planning policies in Indonesia and similar regions. The most extensive spatial distribution of land conversion from agriculture to built-up area was concentrated in the regencies of Bekasi, Karawang, and Cirebon. The transition-level IA performed proved that agricultural land had been the primary target for the expansion of built-up areas. In contrast, the built-up area made net gains in both periods, reaching almost twice as much in the second period as in the first (∼2,030 ha per year). At the category level, IA results showed that the area of agricultural land experienced net losses in both periods, with net loss in 2013–2020 being 2.3 times greater than that in 2003–2013 (∼1,850 ha per year). IA outputs at interval levels for all categories showed that the annual change-of-area rate was higher during 2013–2020 than during 2003–2013. The overall accuracy of Landsat image classification results for 2003, 2013, and 2020 were 88%, 87%, and 88%, respectively.
Monitoring LULC change using GEE and IA has demonstrated reliable findings. Landsat data and a robust random forest (RF) classifier available in GEE were chosen for producing LULC maps. Therefore, this study aims to monitor urban penetration to agricultural land in the north coastal region of West Java Province by applying both methods to two time intervals: 2003–20–2020. As yet, however, no study of land conversion from agriculture to urban areas in Indonesia has adopted GEE and IA approaches simultaneously. Intensity analysis (IA) is increasingly being used to systematically and substantially analyze land-use/land-cover (LULC) change.
Remote sensing technologies have developed rapidly in recent years, including the creation of Google Earth Engine (GEE).
This situation is being experienced by the densely populated and fertile island Java in Indonesia. Uncontrolled urban expansion resulting from urbanization has a disastrous impact on agricultural land.